The International Year of Astronomy (IYA) is ending. The smooth and quiet rain in Vitoria, the one I miss so much in Madrid, or maybe the calm of these days make me relax and forget about trips, projects… I am in the mood to look back into this last hectic year. Should I have to define the IYA I would use two words: popular and international.
This year has been lived in the streets. Schools, Town Halls, Musei of every kind and shape have got deeply involved in telling stories about what can be found at the other side of the frontier, in the outer space. Amateur astronomers have behave as a scientific non-profit organization. Listening to them, the passionate description of the unknown, the fascination for the orders of magnitud, the need, the quest for other species to share with the knowledge and the nature shines in them. It is this passion that drives people emotions though there is always a fascination for “home cooked” technology. They transmit in a brilliant manner the feeling… “there is something worth exploring out there, and you can reach it, the Universe is in your hands”. Somewhat they are story tellers, in a manner, they must have something in common with the sailors and explorers travelling America in the XVIth century.
This year has been the year of the Moon. Little by little, the space agencies are getting ready to establish the first Lunar bases. Our civilization, as the big multinationals do, needs to diversify risks and investments. An ancient Spanish saying literally states that “it is not wise to put all eggs in the same basket”. The next generation of big launchers like the Ares V of the NASA Constellation program is on the way. The Ares V should be able to launch structures as big as ten meters to the Moon. The LCROSS mission has revealed the presence of water under the south pole of the Moon.
how is the Moon going to be inhabited?, who will be the leaders?, will there be nations in the Moon?. I think that real-life always goes ahead of regulations, as happened in the XVI century. The Moon will be colonized …
…by those that have the means to get there (ships and maps) and to inhabitate it
…by those that, after a careful costs-benefits analysis, decide that it is worth investing in the adventure either for economical reasons (gold) or for strategic reasons (trading routes)
…by those that have the largest amount of citizens willing to dive into the adventure and who are able to make a success of it.
The Earth power structures at the precise time when the curve costs-benefits becomes positive, will be reproduced in the Moon. The Moon political structure will be a copy, it will last as a fossil, of the power balance at that epoch. As happened in America.
International law was born with the American adventure. Emperor Charles I demanded the Salamanca University a “Ley de Indias” (”Law for Indias”, the early Spanish name for America) to create the legal framework for the conquest. Francisco de Vitoria, who had direct information on what was going on in America from Fray Bartolomé de las Casas and some former students of his, developed a legal framework that set the foundations of the Salamanca Law School and of the International Law as we know today. In 1542, 50 years after the discovery!, the Cortes (the Parlament) approved the “Leyes Nuevas de Indias” (the “New Law for the Indias”) recognizing the rights of the Indians and setting them under direct protection by the Crown. At the time when Machiavelo was proposing that no State could be judged by international laws, Francisco de Vitoria was defining a community of all the nations regulated by the Natural Law with limitations to the States actions. It is for this reason that Francisco de Vitoria is considered the founder of International Law together with Hugo Grocio, a dutchman from Delf, born in 1583 who worked as jurist in The Hague since 1599. Vitoria’s thought is at the very base of the concept that created the Organization of the United Nations.
The Space race between U.S.A. and the former Soviet Union, forced United Nations to set a Committee for the peaceful use of Space in 1959 (COPUOS - Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space). In July 1984, 25 years later!, an agreement on the Moon was signed. The loop was closed…. maybe
This is Fray Francisco promenade in Vitoria. When I was a child I walked it everyday to go to School. At the end of the promenade there is a statue with a plate that has always call my attention (the plate is dated September 17th, 1945). The plate says (this is my translation from Spanish):
Vitoria acknowledges James Brown Scott president of the International Law Institute, praiser of Father Vitoria
“Me, James Brown Scott, anglosaxon and protestant declare that the true founder of the modern school of international law is Fray Francisco de Vitoria, Spanish, roman catholic and dominic monk”
The frasing reveals the epoch when the plate was posted, the end of World War II (and the Spanish Civil War), the birth of the United Nations Organization. This is the past that created our present.
What about the future?… the only IAU cornerstone project for this International Year of Astronomy that will keep active till 2011 is the Galileo Teacher Training Program to create a global network of teachers that transmit the passion for science, the scientific method and the critical spirit to the next generation… this is at the base of our future.

Este es el paseo de Fray Francisco en Vitoria, cuando era una niña lo recorría todos los días para ir al colegio. Al final del paseo hay una estatua con una placa que siempre me ha llamado la atención (y que tiene fecha 17 de septiembre de 1945) en la que se puede leer:








